I've gotten caught up by this before. There is a solution, I think, but it isn't super-obvious...
First, in your Orchestration Job, assign values to some variables (e.g., using Python Script component as you described.)
Then, set up a Transformation Job with job variables, to be called by your Orchestration Job.
Then, in your Orchestration Job, add a "Run Transformation" component, and look at the Properties of the Run Transformation Component. See "Set Scalar Variables" and "Set Grid Variables" -- these are what you can use to pass the values of your "Orchestration Job variables" to you "Transformation Job variables."